Nanopolyphenols: Perspective on oxidative stress-induced diseases

Recently nanopolyphenols are gaining widespread interest in the drug discovery domain. Nanonization of polyphenols has greatly affected the therapeutic index owing to improvement in pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical obstacles linked with the use of natural polyphenols. They have been looking at an emerging paradigm for an array of disease symptoms. In this article, we have explored the therapeutic potential of nanopolyphenols in oxidative stress-induced diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This article will present the current state of the art of various nanopolyphenols targeting oxidative stress-induced diseases. The advanced fabrication strategies presented for polyphenols including nanocrystal, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, nanoparticles, nanoliposome, gold nanoparticle, and nanosuspension are discussed. The information presented in light of recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence for nanoformulation and delivery of polyphenols may show a new dimension to future research in the realm of herbal therapy for oxidative stress- induced diseases. Significant information on the molecular mechanisms underlying linkages of oxidative stress with neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, and diabetes is discussed. Valuable information on dietary polyphenols in these diseases and their clinical data is presented. Based on different experimental evidence, the review findings support phenomenal therapeutic strategies for nanopolyphenolic fabrication with extended benefits and a condensed time frame. The status of clinical trials conducted on nanopolyphenols is presented. Although clinical trials conducted on nanopolyphenols for mentioned diseases are few, we have tried to present as much available clinical data in this article.

A Simple Biogenic Method for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Syngonium podophyllum, an Ornamental Plant.

The potential of ornamental plant Syngonium podophyllum leaf extract has been explored for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which was confirmed by appearance of absorption peak at 420 nm in ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum. Silver nanoparticles were predominantly spherical in shape and size observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was in the range of 11 to 26 nm. A sharp signal recorded at 3 keV under energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum indicated the presence of elemental silver nanoparticles. Zeta potential was measured as -26.77 mV, which indicated the presence of moderately stable silver nanoparticles in the solution. Under Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), two prominent bands were assigned, i.e., 3,454.89 cm-1 represents the O-H stretching vibration and 1,637.46 cm-1 represents the -NH stretching vibration of the amide group. It indicates that protein might be responsible for the synthesis.

Enhancement of Gentamicin Sensitivity in Enterococcus faecalis using Antidiabetic Molecule Gliclazide.

Enterococci, a low-grade pathogen, emerged as a potent nosocomial agent and have recently drawn the global attention because of resistance issues. To deal with this serious threat and reversal of drug sensitivity pattern, we made an attempt to sensitize the cells of Enterococcus faecalis with an oral hypoglycemic molecule gliclazide belonging to the class sulfonylurea. Interestingly, it was observed that results were quite encouraging as it was able to enhance gentamicin sensitivity by reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The decrease in MIC of gentamicin to E. faecalis is an indicator of reversibility of drug resistance. The findings have confirmed the concept that prior course or combination therapy of oral hypoglycemic drug with antibiotic gentamicin can be effective against Enterococci strains. However, auxiliary tests still need to be carried out further to understand the exact mechanism of the enhancement procured by gliclazide. The results have sowed the seeds of the concept of using gliclazide as a drug-resistant reversal molecule.

Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor from Food Plant: Potential Molecule for Development of Safe Anti-obesity Drug.

Obesity is a global health concern, widely recognized as the largest and fastest growing public health problem in the developed and developing countries associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is a multifactorial disease resulting in significant impairment of health. The strategies used for the treatment of obesity generally comprise of prescription of drugs and surgery. Number of basic mechanisms has been considered for obesity management but these entail serious complexities. In recent year’s pancreatic lipase, a principal lipolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas has gained importance as -obesity target. As the PL acts in the duodenum it has least involvement with the blood or brain, avoiding a lot of drug related side effects. Although PL has been considered as good target for obesity management, the drug discovery and development in this section is not abundantly explored. Numerous natural molecules have been established for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity but only orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin), a saturated derivative of lipstatin designed to inhibit the action of gastrointestinal lipase approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for longterm usage. However, it has severe side effects. Therefore, the possible treatment of obesity using natural products is an extensive field to be explored. Several plant derived molecules including medicinal plants have been reported for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. In particular pancreatic lipase inhibitor from food plants can be considered as a good source for the discovery of a safe anti-obesity agent due to possible active principle as edible component. Present review mainly focuses on the pancreatic lipase inhibitor from food plants and its potential in the development of safe anti-obesity drug.

Predictive Perspectives of Disease-Transformed Protein Biomarkers.

With advancement in instrumentation, computation and understanding of disease etiology, proteomics has been expanded to harness the knowledge of change in protein folding and misfolding, protein-protein interaction, protein modification, etc. during progression of disease which is a source of discovery for various biomarkers including predictive biomarkers. Various methodologies for disease prediction are reported using ‘omics’ technology; however, advancement in proteomics with discovery of protein biomarker allows for the estimation of disease risk from years to decades before any disease even manifests internally. Specific proteins as disease biomarkers that appear in the body fluid/diseased tissues are generally measured. Recently, new proteomics technologies are also being developed in order to facilitate both the highthroughput and high-sensitivity requirements of diseaserelated applications of proteomics and possibly providing the framework for prediction of diseases. Therefore, there is a growing interest in proteomics technologies to discover processes that are involved in various diseases, to discover new biomarkers that correlates with the prediction and early detection of diseases. Now there is change in research thinking where already known biomarkers alone or in combination of others are under investigation for advanced application like in prediction and early detection of chronic diseases. In this review, we have emphasized the prediction perspective of some of the protein biomarkers like CA-125, Lp-PLA2 and tau protein for diseases like cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer’s respectively.

Biological Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles by Phaseolus vulgaris Seed Extract.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles is generally a time-consuming process in comparison to chemical process. Despite voluminous reports on biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles, there is still a challenge to develop fast synthesis of nanoparticles in the range of minutes/seconds through biological route. Several disadvantages are generally being posed by slow biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles including cost of operation. To overcome this difficulty, fast and simple method has been developed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, using Phaseolus vulgaris seed extract simply by increasing the temperature. The method is very quick and the color change of the reaction can be observed within 20 seconds. This process was able to synthesize silver nanoparticles within 80 seconds at 100oC which was confirmed by absorption peak at 413.79 nm in UV-visible spectrum. Initially, it was observed that P. vulgaris seed extract was unable to synthesize silver nanoparticles at 37oC even after 24 hours. The silver nanoparticles generated by this method were predominantly spherical in shape and in the range of approximately 4 to 30 nm in size, as characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On FTIR analysis, it was found that the nanoparticles possessed definite surface exposed groups. Generated silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Thus, this biological process offers a simple, ecofriendly and very fast synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles.